عنوان اصلی مقاله: Analysis of employment protection laws and unemployment benefits
ترجمه فارسی عنوان: تجزیه و تحلیل های مربوط به قوانین حمایت از اشتغال و مزایای بیکاری
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The ability to access credit can make life a lot simpler. From everyday items such as gas and groceries to big-ticket purchases such as cars and houses, most people rely on some form of credit. To make sure you can get that credit when you need it, it’s important to have a good credit report. Check yours regularly (see Top Places To Get A Free Credit Score or Report). If your credit rating could use a little boost, here are 10 tips that will help you improve your score.
1. Fix the Facts
There are three major national credit bureaus: Equifax, Experian and TransUnion. Credit card issuers, banks and other entities rely on reports created by these bureaus to help them judge the creditworthiness of potential borrowers. Making sure that the information the credit bureaus have about you is accurate and complete is an important step in any effort to improve your credit score.
You can obtain a free copy of your credit report from each bureau once a year at annualcreditreport.com. It is worth your time and effort to review the information and contact the bureaus to correct any discrepancies. To cover the year, space out your requests so that you don't get all three reports at the same time.
.2. Pay Your Debts on Time
A consistent history of on-time payments helps boost your credit score. If you have credit card balances, a car payment, student loans or a mortgage, be sure to make your payments on time. Missing enough payments that your account is turned over to a collection agency is a sure way to limit your access to affordable credit – or make it cost more than it should. Remember, the better your credit score, the lower the interest rate you are likely to be offered.
Investment Banking
A specific division of banking related to the creation of capital for other companies
Asrebank.ir; Investment banks underwrite new debt and equity securities for all types of corporations. Investment banks also provide guidance to issuers regarding the issue and placement of stock.
In addition to the services listed above, investment banks also aid in the sale of securities in some instances. They also help to facilitate mergers and acquisitions, reorganizations and broker trades for both institutions and private investors. They can also trade securities for their own accounts.
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Interstate banking
Interstate banking has grown in three separate phases, starting in the ۱۹۸۰s with regional banks
Interest is defined as the cost of borrowing money, and depending on how it is calculated, can be classified as simple interest or compound interest
Simple interest is calculated only on the principal amount of a loan. Compound interest is calculated on the principal amount and also on the accumulated interest of previous periods, and can thus be regarded as “interest on interest.” This compounding effect can make a big difference in the amount of interest payable on a loan if interest is calculated on a compound rather than simple basis. On the positive side, the magic of compounding can work to your advantage when it comes to your investments, and can be a potent factor in wealth creation. While simple and compound interest are basic financial concepts, becoming thoroughly familiar with them will help you make better decisions when taking out a loan or making investments, which may save you thousands of dollars over the long term.
Electronic Commerce - ecommerce
Electronic commerce operates in all four of the major market segments: business to business, business to consumer, consumer to consumer and consumer to business. It can be thought of as a more advanced form of mail-order purchasing through a catalog. Almost any product or service can be offered via ecommerce, from books and music to financial services and plane tickets.
Ecommerce has allowed firms to establish a market presence, or to enhance an existing market position, by providing a cheaper and more efficient distribution chain for their products or services. One example of a firm that has successfully used ecommerce is Target. This mass retailer not only has physical stores, but also has an online store where the customer can buy everything from clothes to coffee makers to action figures.
When you purchase a good or service online, you are participating in ecommerce.
Some advantages of ecommerce for consumers are:
- Convenience. Ecommerce can take place 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
- Selection. Many stores offer a wider array of products online than they do in their brick-and-mortar counterparts. And stores that exist only online may offer consumers a selection of goods that they otherwise could not access.
Retail Banking
Typical mass-market banking in which individual customers use local branches of larger commercial banks. Services offered include savings and checking accounts, mortgages, personal loans, debit/credit cards and certificates of deposit -CDs
Retail banking aims to be the one-stop shop for as many financial services as possible on behalf of retail clients. Some retail banks have even made a push into investment services such as wealth management, brokerage accounts, private banking and retirement planning. While some of these ancillary services are outsourced to third parties (often for regulatory reasons), they often intertwine with core retail banking accounts like checking and savings to allow for easier transfers and maintenance.
10. Capitalist corporations suffer from a personality disorder characterized by enduring antisocial behavior, diminished empathy and remorse, and are rewarded by shareholders for acting that way. If corporations could be sent to a criminal psychologist’s office they’d be diagnosed as psychopaths and locked away forever.
9. Capitalism encourages greed. But greed is only good for capitalists. For normal people it is anti-social and soul destroying, not to mention very bad for our communities, which rely on altruism, compassion and a generalized concern for others.
8. Capitalism is a system of minority privilege and class rule based on the private ownership of means of livelihood. This gives a few rich people the power to buy and sell jobs, which means they can build or destroy entire communities that depend on those jobs.
7. Capitalists praise freedom and individualism, but they destroy freedom and individualism for everyone but themselves. The vast majority of us who work for a living are daily asked to uncritically follow orders, to act as if we are machines, and limit our creativity to what profits our bosses.
The expansion of the capitalist world economy, which accelerated after the fall of the socialist bloc, has produced everywhere drastic changes in the division of labor, occupational structure, and the quality and quantity of labor that is in demand. In the United States, public awareness about the causes of job losses (downsizing, capital flight, offshoring, and outsourcing) has vastly increased since it became widely known that these processes caused the loss not only of blue-collar but also of “middle-class” and “upper-middle-class” jobs; i.e., jobs requiring some degree of education and technical competence.
Politicians, academics, the media, and job seekers focus on downsizing, offshoring, and outsourcing as the main causes of unemployment and declining opportunities, even for college graduates. They neglect, however, the impact of self-sourcing, a term I apply to the complex and relatively unnoticed effects of the radical reorganization of our working and non-working time due to the widespread use of information technologies. In this essay, I will explore the significance of self-sourcing, which I define as the intensification of the process of transferring work from the sphere of production, where it is visible and paid, to the sphere of consumption, where it is invisible and unpaid. This process is not new and it is commonly understood as self-service. It is my contention that self-sourcing signals a qualitative change in the forces and the relations of production, consumption, and circulation, which merits theoretical and empirical investigation.
Self-sourcing is a relatively unnoticed basis for the growth of business profits even as average wages and salaries decline; it is an important contributor to unemployment and underemployment. Consump-tion increasingly requires the performance of tasks previously done by paid workers. Jobs are not disappearing just because of automation, downsizing, and outsourcing; they disappear because they are increasingly done without pay by millions of consumers while the people who previously held those low-paid service and clerical jobs find themselves unemployed and perhaps unemployable.
I first became interested in these issues when, in the mid-1980s, the university where I worked subsidized the faculty’s purchase of personal computers, a practice that still continues.
As the disastrous consequences of super-free market policies become apparent, voices are being raised in capitalist and social democratic circles demanding state intervention to revive the economy. But is it really an alternative; and would a new round of state economic intervention and debt-financing of growth have beneficial effects for working people? Here ERNEST MANDEL argues that traditional Keynesian reflationary policies must be distinguished from the budget deficit policies of Thatcher and Reagan; and that capitalist reflation only brings short-term advantages for the working class, and inevitably ends up in a new recession. |
The fundamental idea of Keynesianism is that state spending, a national budget deficit, can be used to combat economic crisis and recession.
From a theoretical point of view, raising overall demand in a given country will facilitate a recovery insofar as there is disposable productive capacity (unemployed workers, stocks of raw materials, machines working below capacity). These unused resources are mobilized by the additional purchasing power created by the budget deficit. Only when these reserves are exhausted do you get the fatal onset of
We live in a complex, divided society. We are divided by wealth, income, education, housing, race, gender, ethnicity, religion, and sexual orientation. These divisions are much discussed; in the last two years, there have been entire series in our major newspapers devoted to the growing income divide. The wealth-flaunting of today’s rich was even the subject of a recent Sunday New York Times Magazinearticle (“City Life in the New Gilded Age,” October 14, 2007).
What is seldom talked or written about is to me our most fundamental division, one at the center of our economic system, namely the division of our society into a very large class of working men, women, and children, the working class; and a much smaller class of owners that employs the former, the capitalist class. These two great classes make the world go round, so to speak.
Workers and owners are fundamentally connected and antagonistic along a number of dimensions:
Competition: the first rule of the game
An economic review of other countries in the past 35 years highlights the importance of structural economic reforms on which economists, intellectuals and decision makers reached consensus. Fifty years ago, while considering the ways to boost growth and eradicate poverty, it was believed that economic growth could be expedited by supplying international aid to those developing countries facing foreign currency shortages.
At the time, “Two-Gap Analysis” which is comprised of “Foreign Exchange Gap” and “Saving Gap” gained significant attention. In general, developing countries did not have savings gap but foreign exchange gap. Therefore, economic policies pursued by India and Latin America were based on the same foundation. Since early 1980s, this economic theory went through fundamental changes, inspired by “Ian Little” and international organizations such as WB and IMF, leading to two major results: firstly, foreign exchange shortage is not real and arises from anti-export bias.
The second point that gained consensus and is relevant to Iran is that macro-economic stability is essential to growth and structural reform. In other words, desirable outcomes in the area of investment, foreign trade and financial sector is subject to economic stability. This is the most valuable lesson that can be drawn from developing countries in the past few decades.
As the stepping-stone for economic structural reforms, Iran needs to boost and intensify competition and the best place to practice competitiveness is within the domestic market. In other words, all monopolies and restrictions in the domestic market acting as impediments to competition must be identified and removed. An important measure taken by India in 1991 was to remove prior permission requirements for industrial sector almost overnight while maintaining some of the strategic restrictions in place, for example in the area of safety and environment. Before the decision, the import of a screw for an already-imported machine was not allowed and the applicant had to first search the local market for the item. The measure, in fact, annulled the role of government in deciding for the private sector where to invest and left a noticeable impact on economic stability because the investors realized that the government was determined to improve the business environment transparency and so developed more interest to make investment. In addition, the government of India opened the doors and encouraged foreign investment by reducing tariffs. When the project started in 1991, import tariffs on intermediate and capital goods, initially above 100%, dropped to 30 to 35%.
South Korea has a different story to tell on how to enter global markets
The representative agent (RA) approach of the mainstream economics allows a rich analysis of intertemporal maximization; but it rules out the possibility of the analysis of complex interactions. It is the latter that are at the root of this and other crises. We argue that the RA approach is simply not up to the task of enhancing our understanding of modern macroeconomies and that the standard cannot provide an adequate framework for understanding the economy even in more normal times.We advocate a bottom-up approach, where high-level (macroeconomic) systems may possess new and different properties than the low-level (microeconomic) systems on which they are based. The heterogeneous agent approach provides an alternative, one which has already proven its metal in helping us understand the interlinkages which helped give rise to the crisis.
The sharing economy has become an increasingly important facet of global enterprise. Once seen as unproductive, advances in technology have led to increased efficiency in shared information and collaboration. As mobile computing and cloud services become more prevalent, the scale and scope of the sharing economy will surely grow.
In 2011, Time described the sharing economy as an idea that will change the world. While some examples of pure altruism exist, the majority of the sharing economy has nothing to do with sharing – rather, it's motivated by profit or cost cutting. The success of the sharing economy lies in its ability to reallocate under-utilized resources to more efficient use.
Sometimes called the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) economy, the sharing economy is a decentralized economic system defined by collaboration between individuals and the sharing of resources. Monetary and barter transactions are used in the sharing economy, and both for-profit and nonprofit entities participate in the system. Although many sectors operate within the modern sharing
